/*
 * Lite Scholar 1.28.1: overrides on top of the OJS 3.3 Default Theme.
 * Palette: Grain #D7CEC7, Blackboard #565656, Oxblood #76323F, Tan #C09F80.
 * Roles: Oxblood = header, navigation, links, buttons. Blackboard = text,
 * sidebar menu and footer. Grain = soft backgrounds and lines. Tan = thin
 * accent lines only (low contrast on white, never used for text).
 * One sans-serif font stack everywhere; no serif and no web fonts.
 */
:root{--ls-grain: #d7cec7;--ls-grain-soft: #f5f2ef;--ls-ink: #565656;--ls-ink-strong: #3b3b3b;--ls-accent: #76323f;--ls-accent-dark: #5c2530;--ls-accent-rgb: 118, 50, 63; --ls-tan: #c09f80;--ls-font: system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif}body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .page_title, .pkp_block .title, .pkp_site_name .is_text, .pkp_site_name > a, .pkp_navigation_primary > li > a, .pkp_navigation_user > li > a, .pkp_navigation_search_wrapper a, .cmp_button, .pkp_button, .obj_galley_link{font-family: var(--ls-font)} :root{ --ls-pill-border: rgba(var(--ls-accent-rgb), 0.3);--ls-font-bump: 0px; --ls-title-bump: 0px}body{background: var(--ls-grain-soft);color: var(--ls-ink)}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .page_title, .pkp_block .title{color: var(--ls-ink-strong)}a{color: var(--ls-accent)}a:hover, a:focus{color: var(--ls-accent-dark)}.pkp_structure_page, .pkp_structure_content, .pkp_structure_main{background: transparent}.pkp_structure_page{margin-top: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important} .pkp_structure_head, .pkp_head_wrapper, .pkp_navigation_primary_row, .pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper, .pkp_navigation_primary, .pkp_navigation_user_wrapper, .pkp_navigation_search_wrapper{background: var(--ls-accent)}.pkp_structure_head{border-bottom: 4px solid var(--ls-tan)}.pkp_site_name .is_text, .pkp_site_name > a, .pkp_navigation_primary > li > a, .pkp_navigation_user > li > a, .pkp_navigation_search_wrapper a, .pkp_navigation_search_wrapper a:hover, .pkp_navigation_search_wrapper a:focus{color: #fff}.pkp_navigation_primary > li > a:hover, .pkp_navigation_primary > li > a:focus, .pkp_navigation_user > li > a:hover, .pkp_navigation_user > li > a:focus{color: #fff;background: var(--ls-accent-dark)}.pkp_navigation_primary ul{background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain)}.pkp_navigation_primary ul a{color: var(--ls-ink)}.pkp_navigation_primary ul a:hover, .pkp_navigation_primary ul a:focus{color: var(--ls-accent);background: var(--ls-grain-soft)} @media (max-width: 991px){html body .pkp_site_name .is_img img{width: auto !important;max-width: 100% !important;height: auto !important;max-height: 48px !important}}@media (min-width: 992px){html body .pkp_site_name_wrapper{padding-left: 0;padding-right: 0}html body .pkp_site_name{float: none;width: 100%;max-width: none;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;padding-top: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}html body .pkp_site_name > a, html body .pkp_site_name .is_img{display: block !important;width: 100% !important;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 0}html body .pkp_site_name .is_img img{display: block !important;width: 100% !important;max-width: none !important;height: auto !important;max-height: none !important;margin: 0 auto} html body .pkp_structure_head{position: relative !important}html body .pkp_head_wrapper, html body .pkp_site_nav_menu{position: static !important}html body .pkp_navigation_user_wrapper{position: absolute !important;top: 0 !important;right: 5% !important;bottom: auto !important;left: auto !important;float: none !important;width: max-content !important;max-width: 90% !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 8px 16px 0 0 !important;transform: none !important;text-align: right !important;z-index: 20}html body .pkp_navigation_user{display: flex !important;align-items: center;justify-content: flex-end !important;position: static !important;float: none !important;width: auto !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right !important}html body .pkp_navigation_user > li > a{text-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55)}} @media (min-width: 992px){html body .pkp_head_wrapper, html body .pkp_structure_content, html body .pkp_structure_footer{box-sizing: border-box;width: 90% !important;max-width: none !important;margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important}html body .ls-highlights{width: 90%;padding: 0} html body .pkp_structure_footer{padding-left: 0 !important;padding-right: 0 !important} html body .pkp_structure_content{display: flex !important;align-items: stretch}html body .pkp_structure_main{position: relative;float: none !important;flex: 1 1 auto;width: auto !important;min-width: 0;max-width: none !important} html body .pkp_structure_content::before, html body .pkp_structure_content::after, html body .pkp_structure_main::before, html body .pkp_structure_main::after, html body .pkp_structure_sidebar::before, html body .pkp_structure_sidebar::after{content: none !important;display: none !important} html body .pkp_structure_main{box-sizing: border-box;border-left: 0 !important;border-right: 1px solid var(--ls-grain);padding-left: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_main > *{margin-left: 0 !important;padding-left: 0 !important} html body .pkp_structure_sidebar{float: none !important;flex: 0 0 26%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 26% !important;min-width: 300px;max-width: 520px !important;padding-left: 28px !important;padding-right: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_sidebar .pkp_block{padding-left: 0 !important;padding-right: 0 !important;margin-right: 0 !important}} .cmp_breadcrumbs, .cmp_breadcrumbs a{color: var(--ls-ink)}.obj_article_summary, .obj_issue_summary, .pkp_block{border-color: var(--ls-grain)}.obj_article_summary .title a, .obj_issue_summary .title{color: var(--ls-accent)}.pkp_block .title{border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ls-tan)}.cmp_pagination a, .cmp_pagination .current{color: var(--ls-accent)} .cmp_button, .pkp_button, .obj_galley_link, a.obj_galley_link, .block_make_submission .block_make_submission_link, .pkp_block .block_make_submission_link{background: var(--ls-accent);border: 1px solid var(--ls-accent);box-shadow: none;color: #fff;text-shadow: none}.cmp_button:hover, .cmp_button:focus, .pkp_button:hover, .pkp_button:focus, .obj_galley_link:hover, .obj_galley_link:focus, .block_make_submission .block_make_submission_link:hover, .block_make_submission .block_make_submission_link:focus{background: var(--ls-accent-dark);border-color: var(--ls-accent-dark);color: #fff}.cmp_button_wire{background: transparent;border: 1px solid var(--ls-accent);color: var(--ls-accent)} .pkp_block ul.ls-menu{margin: 0;padding: 0;list-style: none}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li{margin: 0 0 2px;padding: 0;list-style: none}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 0.65em;padding: 0.6em 0.8em;background: var(--ls-ink);border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain-soft);color: #fff;line-height: 1.35;text-decoration: none}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a::before{flex: 0 0 1.25em;width: 1.25em;font: normal normal normal 1em/1 FontAwesome;text-align: center;content: "\f10c"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a:hover, .pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a:focus, .pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a.is-active{background: var(--ls-accent);color: #fff} .pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="/about"]::before{content: "\f05a"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="/issue/"]::before{content: "\f02d"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="submissions"]::before{content: "\f093"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li.home a::before{content: "\f015"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="focusAndScope"]::before, .pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="ublicationEthics"]::before{content: "\f10c"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="editorialTeam"]::before{content: "\f2be"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="peerReviewers"]::before{content: "\f0c0"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="peerReviewProcess"]::before{content: "\f046"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="uthorGuidelines"]::before{content: "\f044"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="contact"]::before{content: "\f2ba"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="openAccess"]::before{content: "\f09c"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="opyright"]::before{content: "\f1f9"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="uthorFees"]::before{content: "\f09d"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="license"]::before{content: "\f24e"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="drive.google.com"]::before, .pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="download"]::before{content: "\f019"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="ndexing"]::before{content: "\f002"}.pkp_block ul.ls-menu li a[href*="announcement"]::before{content: "\f0a1"} html body .obj_article_details .item.authors li{margin-top: 0 !important;margin-bottom: 0.9em !important;line-height: 1.35}html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .name{display: block !important;margin: 0 0 0.1em !important;padding: 0 !important;color: var(--ls-ink-strong);font-weight: 700}html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .affiliation, html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .ls-country-line{display: block !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;color: var(--ls-ink);line-height: 1.4} html body .obj_article_details .item.ls-dimensions{margin-top: 0 !important;margin-bottom: 0.4rem !important;padding-top: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important;min-height: 0}html body .obj_article_details .item.ls-dimensions + .item.doi{margin-top: 0 !important;padding-top: 0 !important} @media (min-width: 768px){.obj_issue_toc .heading{display: grid;grid-template-columns: clamp(200px, 28%, 420px) minmax(0, 1fr); grid-template-rows: repeat(19, min-content) 1fr;column-gap: 40px;align-items: start;max-width: 100%;min-width: 0;margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}.obj_issue_toc .sections{margin-top: 0 !important}.obj_issue_toc .heading > .cover{grid-column: 1;grid-row: 1 / span 20;float: none;width: auto;max-width: 100%;margin: 0}.obj_issue_toc .heading > .cover img{display: block;width: 100%;max-width: 100%;height: auto}.obj_issue_toc .heading > :not(.cover){grid-column: 2;min-width: 0;max-width: 100%;margin-left: 0}} .ls-issue-coverage{box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;overflow: hidden;margin: 1.5em 0;padding: 1em 1.25em;background: #fff;border-left: 2px solid var(--ls-tan);color: var(--ls-ink-strong)}.obj_issue_toc .heading .ls-issue-coverage{margin: 0 0 0.8rem}html body .obj_issue_toc .heading .published, html body .obj_issue_toc .heading .description{margin-top: 0 !important}.ls-issue-coverage p{margin: 0 0 0.5em;font-weight: 700}.ls-issue-coverage__sep{margin: 0 0.5em;font-weight: 400;color: var(--ls-grain)} .ls-issue-coverage__countries{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));gap: 0.75em 1.5em;margin: 0.9em 0 0;padding: 0.9em 0 0;border-top: 1px solid var(--ls-grain);list-style: none}.ls-issue-coverage__countries li{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 0.65em;min-width: 0;line-height: 1.25}.ls-issue-coverage .ls-country{flex: 0 1 auto;min-width: 0;overflow-wrap: anywhere}html body .ls-issue-coverage .ls-flag{flex: none;display: block;width: 28px;height: 21px;margin: 0;padding: 0 !important; border: 0 !important;outline: 0;background: none;object-fit: cover;border-radius: 2px;box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.ls-issue-coverage .ls-count{margin-left: auto;padding-left: 0.4em;color: var(--ls-ink);font-weight: 400;font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums} .ls-archive-stats{box-sizing: border-box;display: grid;grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.7fr) minmax(0, 1fr);align-items: center;max-width: 640px;margin: 14px 0 4px;padding: 10px 6px;overflow: hidden; background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain);border-left: 2px solid var(--ls-tan);color: var(--ls-ink-strong);line-height: 1.3}.ls-archive-stats__item{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 10px;min-width: 0;padding: 2px 14px;border-right: 1px solid var(--ls-grain)}.ls-archive-stats__item:last-child{border-right: 0}.ls-archive-stats__icon{display: inline-grid;flex: none;place-items: center;width: 34px;height: 34px;color: var(--ls-accent);background: var(--ls-grain-soft);border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain);border-radius: 50%}.ls-archive-stats__icon svg{display: block;width: 18px;height: 18px;fill: none;stroke: currentColor;stroke-width: 1.8;stroke-linecap: round;stroke-linejoin: round}.ls-archive-stats__copy{display: flex;flex-direction: column;gap: 4px;min-width: 0}.ls-archive-stats__num{font-size: 1em;font-weight: 700;color: var(--ls-accent);font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums}.ls-archive-stats__label{color: var(--ls-ink)}.ls-archive-stats__flags{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;gap: 4px}html body .ls-archive-stats .ls-flag{display: block;width: 22px;height: 16px;margin: 0;padding: 0 !important; border: 0 !important;outline: 0;background: none;object-fit: cover;border-radius: 2px;box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.ls-archive-stats .ls-flag--text{width: auto;min-width: 22px;padding: 0 3px;font-size: 10px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 16px;text-align: center;background: #fff;color: var(--ls-ink)}.ls-archive-stats__more{font-size: 0.85em;color: var(--ls-ink)}@media (max-width: 620px){.ls-archive-stats{grid-template-columns: 1fr}.ls-archive-stats__item{padding: 8px 8px;border-right: 0;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ls-grain)}.ls-archive-stats__item:last-child{border-bottom: 0}} html body .pkp_structure_main{padding-bottom: 1rem !important}html body .page_index_journal, html body .page_index_journal .current_issue{margin-bottom: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}html body .page_index_journal .current_issue .read_more{margin-bottom: 0 !important} .ls-highlights{max-width: none;margin: 1rem auto 2em;padding: 0 16px}.ls-highlights__grid{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));gap: 24px}.ls-highlight{padding: 24px 28px;background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain)}.ls-highlight h2{margin: 0 0 1em;padding-bottom: 0.5em;position: relative;font-size: 1.375em;line-height: 1.2}.ls-highlight h2::after{content: "";position: absolute;left: 0;bottom: 0;width: 48px;height: 3px;background: var(--ls-accent)}.ls-highlight ul{margin: 0;padding: 0;list-style: none}.ls-highlight li{padding: 0.75em 0;border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ls-grain);line-height: 1.45}.ls-highlight li:last-child{border-bottom: 0}.ls-highlight__meta{display: block;margin-top: 0.2em;font-size: 0.857em;line-height: 1.3;color: var(--ls-ink);font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums}.ls-highlight li a{color: var(--ls-ink-strong);text-decoration: none}.ls-highlight li a:hover, .ls-highlight li a:focus{color: var(--ls-accent);text-decoration: underline} .ls-categories{margin: 0 0 2em}.ls-categories > h2{margin: 0 0 0.8em;padding-bottom: 0.5em;position: relative;font-size: 1.375em;line-height: 1.2}.ls-categories > h2::after{content: "";position: absolute;left: 0;bottom: 0;width: 48px;height: 3px;background: var(--ls-accent)}.ls-categories__grid{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr));gap: 16px;align-items: start}.ls-category{background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-grain);border-left: 2px solid var(--ls-accent)}.ls-category summary{display: flex;flex-direction: column;gap: 0.15em;padding: 14px 40px 14px 18px;position: relative;cursor: pointer;list-style: none}.ls-category summary::-webkit-details-marker{display: none}.ls-category summary::after{content: "+";position: absolute;right: 16px;top: 50%;margin-top: -0.6em;font-size: 1.3em;line-height: 1.2;color: var(--ls-accent)}.ls-category[open] summary::after{content: "\2212"}.ls-category summary:hover .ls-category__name, .ls-category summary:focus .ls-category__name{color: var(--ls-accent)}.ls-category__name{font-weight: 700;color: var(--ls-ink-strong);line-height: 1.3}.ls-category__count{font-size: 0.857em;color: var(--ls-ink)}.ls-category ul{margin: 0;padding: 0 18px 10px;list-style: none;border-top: 1px dotted var(--ls-grain)}.ls-category li{padding: 0.6em 0;border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ls-grain);line-height: 1.4}.ls-category li:last-child{border-bottom: 0}.ls-category li a{color: var(--ls-ink-strong);text-decoration: none}.ls-category li a:hover, .ls-category li a:focus{color: var(--ls-accent);text-decoration: underline} html body .current_issue .sections, html body .current_issue .section:last-child, html body .current_issue .section:last-child .cmp_article_list, html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child, html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0 !important} html body .current_issue [hidden]{display: none !important}html body .current_issue.ls-collapsed .ls-edge-section, html body .current_issue.ls-collapsed .ls-edge-section .cmp_article_list, html body .current_issue.ls-collapsed .ls-edge, html body .current_issue.ls-collapsed .ls-edge .obj_article_summary{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .current_issue.ls-collapsed .ls-edge .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0 !important;border-bottom: 0 !important}html body .ls-readmore{ position: relative;z-index: 10;margin: var(--ls-list-gap) 0 0.4rem !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right;line-height: 1.35}html body .ls-readmore__button{display: inline-block;cursor: pointer;padding: 0.3em 1.1em;background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-pill-border);border-radius: 999px;color: var(--ls-accent);line-height: 1.35;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s}html body .ls-readmore__button:hover, html body .ls-readmore__button:focus{background: var(--ls-accent);border-color: var(--ls-pill-border);color: #fff;text-decoration: none} html body .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 1.1rem;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ls-grain)}html body .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0;border-bottom: 0}  :root{--ls-list-gap: 0.2rem}html body .obj_article_summary .title{margin: 0 0 var(--ls-list-gap) !important;padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.3 !important}html body .obj_article_summary .meta{margin-top: 0 !important;padding-top: 0 !important}html body .obj_article_summary .meta .authors{margin: 0 7em 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.35}html body .obj_article_summary .ls-article-actions{margin: var(--ls-list-gap) 0 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.35} html body .obj_article_summary .ls-article-actions{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;gap: 0.5rem}.ls-article-actions .ls-sep{display: none}.ls-article-actions a{display: inline-block;padding: 0.3em 1.1em;background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ls-pill-border);border-radius: 999px;color: var(--ls-accent);line-height: 1.35;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s}.ls-article-actions a:hover, .ls-article-actions a:focus, .ls-article-actions a.is-open{background: var(--ls-accent);color: #fff;text-decoration: none}.ls-abstract{margin: 0.6em 0 0.4em;padding: 0.8em 1em;background: #fff;border-left: 3px solid var(--ls-tan);color: var(--ls-ink);line-height: 1.55;text-align: justify}.ls-abstract[hidden]{display: none} .ls-article-actions a:focus-visible, html body .ls-readmore__button:focus-visible, .ls-category summary:focus-visible{outline: 2px solid var(--ls-accent);outline-offset: 2px} .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper{background: var(--ls-ink);border-top: 4px solid var(--ls-tan)}.pkp_structure_footer_wrapper, .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper a, .pkp_footer_content{color: var(--ls-grain-soft)} html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h1, html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h2, html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h3, html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h4, html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h5, html body .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper h6{color: var(--ls-grain) !important} .pkp_structure_footer_wrapper .pkp_brand_footer img{filter: brightness(0) invert(1);opacity: 0.85} @media (min-width: 768px){ html body .pkp_structure_footer::before, html body .pkp_structure_footer::after{content: none !important;display: none !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer{display: flex !important;align-items: center;justify-content: space-between;gap: 2rem;padding-top: 1.5rem !important;padding-bottom: 1.5rem !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content{flex: 1 1 auto;min-width: 0} html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content, html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > *{margin-left: 0 !important;padding-left: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > :first-child{margin-top: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > :last-child{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_brand_footer{flex: 0 0 auto;float: none !important;width: auto !important;margin: 0 0 0 auto !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_brand_footer img{display: block;width: 180px;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-left: auto}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){*{transition: none !important;animation: none !important}} .ls-issue-coverage .ls-issue-coverage__foreign{font-weight: 400}.ls-archive-stats__line{white-space: nowrap}